Understanding Stroke: Causes, Risk Factors, and Consequences
“Stroke” is the common term for an acute cerebral infarction, meaning a sudden injury to brain tissue due to neuron loss. There are two primary causes of stroke: obstruction of a brain-feeding artery or bleeding from a brain blood vessel. Both can result in serious damage, including permanent loss of brain function or even death.
Who is at risk?
Several conditions increase the risk of stroke. These include:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Smoking
- Obesity
- High cholesterol
Individuals with a history of stroke are at greater risk of recurrence. Additionally, people with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, or atrial fibrillation (AF) are also at increased risk. AF, an irregular heartbeat, often requires treatment with anticoagulants (blood thinners) to prevent clot formation that may lead to stroke.
Certain genetic conditions also raise the risk of stroke — including sickle cell disease and clotting disorders like Factor V Leiden.
Impact and Recovery
Stroke is a major public health issue1 and a leading cause of long-term disability and healthcare cost. It contributes to approximately $320 billion in annual direct and indirect expenses in the U.S. alone2.
Stroke survivors often experience physical limitations such as paralysis of the arms, legs, or face, and cognitive challenges including memory loss and difficulty speaking. Recovery is typically slow and requires multi-level rehabilitation efforts.
Marco A. Ramos, MD, CCDS
Board-Certified in Internal Medicine & Nephrology
Certified Clinical Documentation Specialist
